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Chapter 9 - AP BIO - Cellular Respiration

Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 

 1. 
What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules?
a.
anabolic pathways
b.
catabolic pathways
c.
fermentation pathways
d.
thermodynamic pathways
e.
bioenergetic pathways
 

 2. 
What is the term used for the metabolic pathway in which glucose (C6H12O6) is degraded to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water?
a.
cellular respiration
b.
glycolysis
c.
fermentation
d.
citric acid cycle
e.
oxidative phosphorylation
 

 3. 
Which of the following statements concerning the metabolic degradation of glucose (C6H12O6) to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water is (are) true?
a.
The breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water is exergonic.
b.
The breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water has a free energy change of -686 kcal/mol.
c.
The breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water involves oxidation-reduction or redox reactions.
d.
Only A and B are correct.
e.
A, B, and C are correct.
 

 4. 
Which of the following statements is (are) correct about an oxidation-reduction (or redox) reaction?
a.
The molecule that is reduced gains electrons.
b.
The molecule that is oxidized loses electrons.
c.
The molecule that is reduced loses electrons.
d.
The molecule that is oxidized gains electrons.
e.
Both A and B are correct.
 

 5. 
The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidation-reduction reaction
a.
gains electrons and gains energy.
b.
loses electrons and loses energy.
c.
gains electrons and loses energy.
d.
loses electrons and gains energy.
e.
neither gains nor loses electrons, but gains or loses energy.
 

 6. 
Why does the oxidation of organic compounds by molecular oxygen to produce CO2 and water release free energy?
a.
The covalent bonds in organic molecules are higher energy bonds than those in water and carbon dioxide.
b.
Electrons are being moved from atoms that have a lower affinity for electrons (such as C) to atoms with a higher affinity for electrons (such as O)..
c.
The oxidation of organic compounds can be used to make ATP.
d.
The electrons have a higher potential energy when associated with water and CO2 than they do in organic compounds.
e.
The covalent bond in O2 is unstable and easily broken by electrons from organic molecules.
 

 7. 
Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction?

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0080000.jpg 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
a.
C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced.
b.
O2 is oxidized and H2O is reduced.
c.
CO2 is reduced and O2 is oxidized.
d.
C6H12O6is reduced and CO2 is oxidized.
e.
O2 is reduced and CO2 is oxidized.
 

 8. 
When a molecule of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) gains a hydrogen atom (not a hydrogen ion) the molecule becomes
a.
hydrogenated.
b.
oxidized.
c.
reduced.
d.
redoxed.
e.
a reducing agent.
 

 9. 
In order for NAD+ to remove electrons from glucose or other organic molecules, which of the following must be true?
a.
The organic molecule or glucose must be negatively charged in order to reduce the positively charged NAD+.
b.
Oxygen must be present to oxidize the NADH produced back to NAD+.
c.
The free energy liberated when electrons are removed from the organic molecules must be greater than the energy required to give the electrons to NAD+.
d.
A and B are both correct.
e.
A, B, and C are all correct.
 

 10. 
Where does glycolysis takes place?
a.
mitochondrial matrix
b.
mitochondrial outer membrane
c.
mitochondrial inner membrane
d.
mitochondrial intermembrane space
e.
cytosol
 

 11. 
The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by
a.
substrate-level phosphorylation.
b.
electron transport.
c.
photophosphorylation.
d.
chemiosmosis.
e.
oxidation of NADH to NAD+.
 

 12. 
The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?
a.
glycolysis
b.
accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain
c.
the citric acid cycle
d.
the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
e.
the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP
 

 13. 
Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent?
a.
electron transport
b.
glycolysis
c.
the citric acid cycle
d.
oxidative phosphorylation
e.
chemiosmosis
 
 
The figure below illustrates some of the steps (reactions) of glycolysis in their proper sequence. Each step is lettered. Use these letters to answer the following questions.

ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0150000.jpg
 

 14. 
Which step shows a split of one molecule into two smaller molecules?
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
 

 15. 
In which step is an inorganic phosphate added to the reactant?
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
 

 16. 
In which reaction does an intermediate pathway become oxidized?
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
 

 17. 
Which step involves an endergonic reaction?
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
 

 18. 
Which step consists of a phosphorylation reaction in which ATP is the phosphate source?
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
 

 19. 
Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed during glycolysis?
a.
0%
b.
2%
c.
10%
d.
38%
e.
100%
 

 20. 
In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?
a.
CO2 and H2O
b.
CO2 and pyruvate
c.
NADH and pyruvate
d.
CO2 and NADH
e.
H2O, FADH2, and citrate
 

 21. 
Starting with one molecule of glucose, the "net" products of glycolysis are
a.
2 NAD+, 2 H+, 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 H2O.
b.
2 NADH, 2 H+, 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 H2O.
c.
2 FADH2, 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, and 2 H2O.
d.
6 CO2, 6 H2O, 2 ATP, and 2 pyruvate.
e.
6 CO2, 6 H2O, 36 ATP, and 2 citrate.
 

 22. 
A molecule that is phosphorylated
a.
has an increased chemical reactivity; it is primed to do cellular work.
b.
has a decreased chemical reactivity; it is less likely to provide energy for cellular work.
c.
has been oxidized as a result of a redox reaction involving the gain of an inorganic phosphate.
d.
has been reduced as a result of a redox reaction involving the loss of an inorganic phosphate.
e.
has less energy than before its phosphorylation and therefore less energy for cellular work.
 

 23. 
During cellular respiration, acetyl CoA accumulates in which location?
a.
cytosol
b.
mitochondrial outer membrane
c.
mitochondrial inner membrane
d.
mitochondrial intermembrane space
e.
mitochondrial matrix
 

 24. 
How many carbon atoms are fed into the citric acid cycle as a result of the oxidation of one molecule of pyruvate?
a.
2
b.
4
c.
6
d.
8
e.
10
 
 
Refer to the figure below, showing the citric acid cycle, as a guide to answer the following questions.

ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0270000.jpg
 

 25. 
Starting with one molecule of isocitrate and ending with fumarate, what is the maximum number of ATP molecules that could be made through substrate-level phosphorylation?
a.
1
b.
2
c.
11
d.
12
e.
24
 

 26. 
Carbon skeletons for amino acid biosynthesis are supplied by intermediates of the citric acid cycle. Which intermediate would supply the carbon skeleton for synthesis of a five-carbon amino acid?
a.
succinate
b.
malate
c.
citrate
d.
ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0290000.jpg-ketoglutarate
e.
isocitrate
 

 27. 
Starting with one molecule of citrate and ending with oxaloacetate, how many ATP molecules can be formed from oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis)?
a.
1
b.
3
c.
4
d.
11
e.
12
 

 28. 
How many ATP molecules could be made through substrate-level phosphorylation plus oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis) if you started with three molecules of succinyl CoA and ended with oxaloacetate?
a.
6
b.
12
c.
18
d.
24
e.
36
 

 29. 
How many molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) would be produced by five turns of the citric acid cycle?
a.
2
b.
5
c.
10
d.
12
e.
60
 

 30. 
How many reduced dinucleotides would be produced with four turns of the citric acid cycle?
a.
1 FADH2 and 4 NADH
b.
2 FADH2 and 8 NADH
c.
4 FADH2 and 12 NADH
d.
1 FAD and 4 NAD+
e.
4 FAD+ and 12 NAD+
 

 31. 
Starting with citrate, how many of the following would be produced with three turns of the citric acid cycle?
a.
1 ATP, 2 CO2, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2
b.
2 ATP, 2 CO2, 1 NADH, and 3 FADH2
c.
3 ATP, 3 CO2, 3 NADH, and 3 FADH2
d.
3 ATP, 6 CO2, 9 NADH, and 3 FADH2
e.
38 ATP, 6 CO2, 3 NADH, and 12 FADH2
 

 32. 
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration?
a.
glycolysis and the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
b.
oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle
c.
the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
d.
oxidative phosphorylation and fermentation
e.
fermentation and glycolysis
 

 33. 
For each molecule of glucose that is metabolized by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, what is the total number of NADH + FADH2 molecules produced?
a.
4
b.
5
c.
6
d.
10
e.
12
 

 34. 
A young relative of yours has never had much energy. He goes to a doctor for help and is sent to the hospital for some tests. There they discover his mitochondria can use only fatty acids and amino acids for respiration, and his cells produce more lactate than normal. Of the following, which is the best explanation of his condition?
a.
His mitochondria lack the transport protein that moves pyruvate across the outer mitochondrial membrane.
b.
His cells cannot move NADH from glycolysis into the mitochondria.
c.
His cells contain something that inhibits oxygen use in his mitochondria.
d.
His cells lack the enzyme in glycolysis that forms pyruvate.
e.
His cells have a defective electron transport chain, so glucose goes to lactate instead of to acetyl CoA.
 

 35. 
Cellular respiration harvests the most chemical energy from which of the following?
a.
substrate-level phosphorylation
b.
chemiosmotic phosphorylation
c.
converting oxygen to ATP
d.
transferring electrons from organic molecules to pyruvate
e.
generating carbon dioxide and oxygen in the electron transport chain
 

 36. 
During aerobic respiration, electrons travel downhill in which sequence?
a.
food ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0390000.jpg citric acid cycle ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0390001.jpg ATP ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0390002.jpg NAD+
b.
food ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0390003.jpg NADH ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0390004.jpg electron transport chain ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0390005.jpg oxygen
c.
glucose ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0390006.jpg pyruvate ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0390007.jpg ATP ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0390008.jpg oxygen
d.
glucose ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0390009.jpg ATP ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0390010.jpg electron transport chain ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0390011.jpg NADH
e.
food ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0390012.jpg glycolysis ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0390013.jpg citric acid cycle ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0390014.jpg NADH ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0390015.jpg ATP
 

 37. 
Where do the catabolic products of fatty acid breakdown enter into the citric acid cycle?
a.
pyruvate
b.
malate or fumarate
c.
acetyl CoA
d.
ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0400000.jpg-ketoglutarate
e.
succinyl CoA
 

 38. 
Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?
a.
cytosol
b.
mitochondrial outer membrane
c.
mitochondrial inner membrane
d.
mitochondrial intermembrane space
e.
mitochondrial matrix
 

 39. 
The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to
a.
yield energy in the form of ATP as it is passed down the respiratory chain.
b.
act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water.
c.
combine with carbon, forming CO2.
d.
combine with lactate, forming pyruvate.
e.
catalyze the reactions of glycolysis.
 

 40. 
Inside an active mitochondrion, most electrons follow which pathway?
a.
glycolysis ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0430000.jpg NADH ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0430001.jpg oxidative phosphorylation ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0430002.jpg ATP ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0430003.jpg oxygen
b.
citric acid cycle ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0430004.jpg FADH2 ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0430005.jpg electron transport chain ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0430006.jpg ATP
c.
electron transport chain ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0430007.jpg citric acid cycle ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0430008.jpgATP ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0430009.jpg oxygen
d.
pyruvate ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0430010.jpg citric acid cycle ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0430011.jpg ATP ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0430012.jpg NADH ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0430013.jpg oxygen
e.
citric acid cycle ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0430014.jpg NADH ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0430015.jpg electron transport chain ap_bio_ch9_web_test_files/i0430016.jpg oxygen
 

 41. 
The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation is
a.
oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water.
b.
the thermodynamically favorable flow of electrons from NADH to the mitochondrial electron transport carriers.
c.
the final transfer of electrons to oxygen.
d.
the difference in H+ concentrations on opposite sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
e.
the thermodynamically favorable transfer of phosphate from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle intermediate molecules of ADP.
 

 42. 
Where is ATP synthase located in the mitochondrion?
a.
cytosol
b.
electron transport chain
c.
outer membrane
d.
inner membrane
e.
mitochondrial matrix
 

 43. 
The primary function of the mitochondrion is the production of ATP. To carry out this function, the mitochondrion must have all of the following except
a.
the membrane-bound electron transport chain carrier molecules.
b.
proton pumps embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
c.
enzymes for glycolysis.
d.
enzymes for the citric acid cycle.
e.
mitochondrial ATP synthase.
 

 44. 
How many molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) would be released from the complete aerobic respiration of a molecule of sucrose (C12H22 O11), a disaccharide?
a.
2
b.
3
c.
6
d.
12
e.
38
 

 45. 
Each time a molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) is completely oxidized via aerobic respiration, how many oxygen molecules (O2). are required?
a.
1
b.
2
c.
6
d.
12
e.
38
 

 46. 
Which of the following produces the most ATP when glucose (C6H12O6) is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water?
a.
glycolysis
b.
fermentation
c.
oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
d.
citric acid cycle
e.
oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis)
 

 47. 
Approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of two molecules of glucose (C6H12O6) in cellular respiration?
a.
2
b.
4
c.
15
d.
38
e.
76
 

 48. 
Which of the following normally occurs whether or not oxygen (O2) is present?
a.
glycolysis
b.
fermentation
c.
oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
d.
citric acid cycle
e.
oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis)
 

 49. 
Which of the following occurs in the cytosol of the cell?
a.
glycolysis and fermentation
b.
fermentation and chemiosmosis
c.
oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
d.
citric acid cycle
e.
oxidative phosphorylation
 

 50. 
Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation?
a.
the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
b.
the citric acid cycle
c.
oxidative phosphorylation
d.
glycolysis
e.
chemiosmosis
 

 51. 
The ATP made during fermentation is generated by which of the following?
a.
the electron transport chain
b.
substrate-level phosphorylation
c.
chemiosmosis
d.
oxidative phosphorylation
e.
aerobic respiration
 

 52. 
In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, resulting in the production of
a.
ATP, CO2and ethanol (ethyl alcohol).
b.
ATP, CO2, and lactate.
c.
ATP, NADH, and pyruvate.
d.
ATP, pyruvate, and oxygen.
e.
ATP, pyruvate, and acetyl CoA.
 

 53. 
In alcohol fermentation, NAD+ is regenerated from NADH during the
a.
reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol (ethyl alcohol).
b.
oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA.
c.
reduction of pyruvate to form lactate.
d.
oxidation of NAD+ in the citric acid cycle.
e.
phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP.
 

 54. 
An organism is discovered that consumes a considerable amount of sugar, yet does not gain much weight when denied air. Curiously, the consumption of sugar increases as air is removed from the organism's environment, but the organism seems to thrive even in the absence of air. When returned to normal air, the organism does fine. Which of the following best describes the organism?
a.
It must use a molecule other than oxygen to accept electrons from the electron transport chain.
b.
It is a normal eukaryotic organism.
c.
The organism obviously lacks the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain.
d.
It is an anaerobic organism.
e.
It is a facultative anaerobe.
 

 55. 
Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved?
a.
It produces much less ATP than does oxidative phosphorylation.
b.
It is found in the cytosol, does not involve oxygen, and is present in most organisms.
c.
It is found in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells.
d.
It relies on chemiosmosis which is a metabolic mechanism present only in the first cells-prokaryotic cells.
e.
It requires the presence of membrane-enclosed cell organelles found only in eukaryotic cells.
 

 56. 
Molecules that can potentially be converted to intermediates of glycolysis and/or the citric acid cycle include
a.
amino acids and proteins.
b.
glycerol and fatty acids.
c.
glucose and sucrose.
d.
starch and glycogen.
e.
all of the above
 

 57. 
You have a friend who lost 7 kg (about 15 pounds) of fat on a "low carb" diet. How did the fat leave her body?
a.
It was released as CO2 and H2O.
b.
Chemical energy was converted to heat and then released.
c.
It was converted to ATP, which weighs much less than fat.
d.
It was broken down to amino acids and eliminated from the body.
e.
It was converted to urine and eliminated from the body.
 

 58. 
Phosphofructokinase is an important control enzyme in the regulation of cellular respiration. Which of the following statements concerning phosphofructokinase is not true?
a.
It is activated by AMP (derived from ADP).
b.
It is inhibited by ATP.
c.
It is activated by citrate, an intermediate of the citric acid cycle.
d.
It specifically catalyzes the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, an early step of glycolysis.
e.
It is an allosteric enzyme.
 



 
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